Whitepapers on industrial battery systems

This technical proposal addresses the application of nickel-metal hydride secondary cells (Ni-MH) in backup equipment and standby applications, including as an alternative to Ni-Cd batteries. The primary technical focus covers the behavior of various Ni-MH cell types under trickle charge, cyclic operation, elevated ambient temperatures, and high discharge currents. The document presents several cell series with specified nominal capacities, minimum capacities, and mechanical dimensions, and correlates these to backup applications such as emergency lighting, safety systems, and communication equipment. Additionally, recommended charging procedures are described, including defined current rates, temperature limits, and end-of-charge detection mechanisms. All performance, service life, and graphical data are explicitly identified as manufacturer-supplied measurements under defined conditions and are not represented as guaranteed specifications.

Technical classification for application

The trickle charge operation described in the document is relevant for backup equipment, as cells are maintained in a charged state over extended periods and discharged only in case of emergency. Cycle data from charge/discharge testing are functionally relevant for applications with scheduled functional tests or periodic discharge cycles. High-temperature charging characteristics are relevant for installations with elevated ambient temperatures or limited heat dissipation, as they represent charging and voltage behavior under these boundary conditions. High-current discharge curves are relevant for applications with short-term high power demands, as they illustrate cell voltage and temperature behavior at discharge currents up to 50 A. The described charging and float charge concepts are relevant for backup systems, as they address compensation of self-discharge while simultaneously limiting heat generation.

Measurement, graphical, and performance data

All tables, characteristic curves, and diagrams presented in the document are manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test conditions.

• Cycle diagrams (e.g., several thousand cycles) are based on specific charge/discharge parameters and ambient temperatures.
• Trickle charge diagrams (e.g., over more than 3 years at 40 °C) represent qualitative capacity progression over time.
• High-temperature and high-current diagrams illustrate voltage, capacity, and temperature behavior under defined charge and discharge currents.

Diagrams and tables do not represent guaranteed performance data unless an explicit guarantee is stated in the document.

Charging and monitoring functions

According to the document, Ni-MH cells are fundamentally charged using constant current. Fast charging is typically performed at 0.5–1.0 It, with battery voltage and battery temperature monitored for full-charge detection. Low-rate charging is conducted at approximately 0.1 It and is primarily time-controlled, with a maximum current limit of 0.2 It. To maintain full charge, an auxiliary or float charge using pulse current is described, with a mean current of approximately 1/500 It. Charge termination and protection criteria include peak voltage cut-off, temperature rise rate (ΔT/Δt), and the differential between battery and ambient temperature; permissible battery temperatures during charging typically range from 0 °C to 40 °C, with a maximum battery temperature of 60 °C.

Limitations and disclaimer

• Battery performance and service life are dependent on charging methodology, discharge currents, temperature, and operational conditions.
• Measurement results may vary between individual cells.
• All numerical values cited in the document serve to describe typical behavior under defined test conditions.
• Performance and service life specifications are not guaranteed unless explicitly stated otherwise.

 To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Technical Proposal for Backup Equipment}

_{Source: FDK Corporation Technical Documentation (2025). All performance data are derived from manufacturer specifications and constitute non-guaranteed information.}

This document is classified as a "Technical Proposal" and describes nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries as backup energy storage for server and storage systems during power outages. The technical focus addresses various backup operating modes with clearly defined performance and time profiles. Performance requirements are specified as exceeding 1000 W for several minutes, 100 W to 1000 W for several minutes, and 10 W to 100 W for periods exceeding one day. These performance profiles are assigned to applications including grid outage operation, total-unit backup, and data backup. Battery system installation locations vary by application and include placement within servers, within control units, or external to enclosures. All numerical specifications in the document are explicitly identified as performance-descriptive rather than guaranteed and are subject to usage and temperature conditions.

Technical classification for application

The performance ranges described in the document define the required design parameters for Ni-MH batteries regarding discharge rate and energy delivery across different backup scenarios. Short-term power requirements exceeding 1000 W are functionally correlated to scenarios presented in the document for sudden grid outage operation. Performance ranges of 100 W to 1000 W over several minutes address complete system bridging during power failures. Sustained loads of 10 W to 100 W exceeding one day are assigned to preservation of stored data and system states. The charging and discharging characteristics described in the document relate to intermittent or continuous charging states in server and storage operations. Temperature is identified in the document as a key influencing factor on battery capacity and service life.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

The diagrams and tables contained in the document addressing cycle life, high-current discharge, and pulse charging characteristics are to be classified as qualitative manufacturer-supplied characterizations conducted under defined measurement conditions. The cycle life characteristic presented for the HR-AAULT cell demonstrates capacity progression over more than 6000 cycles under specified charge and discharge parameters, however does not constitute a guaranteed specification. Pulse charging diagrams for the HR-5/4SCUT cell illustrate exemplary capacity progression at 25 °C and 40 °C under defined pulse charge conditions for overcharge mitigation. Comparative representations between Ni-MH and lead-acid batteries are based upon defined assumptions regarding discharge rates, backup durations, weight, and volume and are not presented as guaranteed performance data.

Exemplary cell parameters

• HR-AAULT: Typical capacity 1050 mAh, minimum capacity 1000 mAh, dimensions 14.2 mm × 49.0 mm
• HR-AATU: Typical capacity 1280 mAh, minimum capacity 1200 mAh, dimensions 14.5 mm × 50.0 mm
• HR-4/3FAUP: Typical capacity 4000 mAh, minimum capacity 3750 mAh, dimensions 67.0 mm × 18.1 mm
• HR-4/3FAUPC: Typical capacity 3200 mAh, minimum capacity 3050 mAh, dimensions 67.0 mm × 18.1 mm

Limitations and disclaimer

• Performance, capacity, and service life data are not guaranteed according to the document.
• Test results vary depending on battery unit, usage conditions, and ambient temperature.
• Diagrams and tables represent exemplary measurement data under defined charging, discharging, and temperature conditions.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Technical Proposal for Server and Storage}

_{Source: FDK Corporation Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This whitepaper addresses nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries as backup power supply for Telematics Control Units (TCUs) in automotive applications. The technical focus centers on electrical and thermal design of the backup battery to bridge primary 12 V vehicle electrical system failures, particularly in relation to eCall functionality. Requirements for capacity, installation space, and temperature resistance are described, derived from different TCU mounting positions within the vehicle. The document assigns NiMH cells with extended specified temperature ranges to deployment in thermally demanding environments, such as roof-mounted or dashboard-proximity installations. Diagrams and tables present capacity changes during high-temperature storage, discharge characteristics at low temperatures, and results of intermittent charge cycling. All performance and measurement values presented are identified as manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined conditions and are not guaranteed according to the document.

Technical classification for application

The high-temperature storage at 105 °C described in the document is relevant for TCU applications, as installation locations such as vehicle roof areas are subject to elevated thermal stress according to the whitepaper. The discharge characteristics presented at −20 °C and −30 °C are functionally related to maintaining TCU communication functions in cold environments. The described intermittent charge cycles are causally linked to the operational profile of TCU backup batteries, as these are regularly recharged in the vehicle to maintain a high state of charge. The development from 3G/4G to 5G mobile networks documented herein, including the use of millimeter-wave frequency bands, is identified as the cause for increasing power consumption of the TCU. The TCU placement near antennas mentioned in the whitepaper is technically justified by the reduction of cable losses between antenna and communication module.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

The diagrams depicting capacity degradation during storage at 105 °C over 150 hours, discharge curves at −20 °C and −30 °C, and aging effects under intermittent charging at elevated temperature are to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test conditions. No guaranteed specifications are presented. The document explicitly states that all cited values are not guaranteed and product specifications may change.

Exemplary cell parameters

• Cell models: BK60AAAWS, BK120AAWS, BK120AAWX
• Nominal capacities: 550 mAh (BK60AAAWS), 1,180 mAh (BK120AAWS, BK120AAWX)
• Specified discharge temperature ranges: −30 °C to +85 °C, −40 °C to +85 °C, −40 °C to +105 °C
• Dimensions: Diameter 10.5 mm or 14.5 mm; height 44.5 mm or 50.5 mm

Limitations and legal disclaimer

• All performance specifications and measurement data are explicitly non-guaranteed per document provisions.
• All diagrams and tabular representations are valid exclusively under the defined test conditions specified herein.
• Product specifications and technical data are subject to modification without prior notification.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Introducing Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries Ideal for Backup Power in Automotive TCUs}

_{Source: Panasonic Energy Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This document describes Ni-MH batteries as backup energy sources for IoT devices, particularly for smart meter applications during power outages. The technical focus addresses capacity data, discharge characteristics at high currents, and cycle behavior under defined charge and discharge conditions. Multiple cell formats are presented with typical capacities ranging from 220 mAh to 3,700 mAh and minimum capacities from 200 mAh to 3,500 mAh. Associated dimensions span from 10.5 mm diameter at 30.0 mm height to 23.0 mm diameter at 67.5 mm height, inclusive of insulation material per document specification. Discharge and cycle diagrams are presented under defined C-rates, cutoff voltages, and ambient temperatures. The document explicitly states that all performance data presented are manufacturer-supplied characterizations and do not represent guaranteed values.

Technical classification for application

The high discharge currents specified in the document are functionally relevant, as smart meter devices exhibit pulse-shaped current demands during data transmission according to the document. The presented capacity gradations enable functional adaptation of backup duration to different device specifications. The charge and discharge cycles described in the document correlate cells to applications with repeated recharging and discharging. The temperature-dependent discharge curves illustrate electrical cell behavior across varying ambient temperatures and are relevant for operation under variable thermal conditions. The selection of different cell formats allows technical adaptation to specified physical envelopes and voltage requirements without deriving system guarantees.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

All capacity specifications, dimensional data, discharge current profiles, cycle characteristic curves, and thermal performance diagrams constitute manufacturer-supplied characterizations conducted under defined test conditions. Diagrams and tabular representations do not constitute guaranteed performance specifications. The document explicitly disclaims that battery performance and operational service life are contingent upon application-specific operating conditions and ambient temperatures, and that measurement results are subject to variation among individual cell units.

Exemplary cell parameters

• Typical capacities: 220 mAh (HR-2/3AAAUTU), 500 mAh (HR-AAAUTU), 780 mAh (HR-AAULTU), 1 050 mAh (HR-AAULT), 1 280 mAh (HR-AATU), 3 250 mAh (HR-5/4SCUT), 3 700 mAh (HR-4/3FAUT)
• Minimum capacities: 200 mAh to 3,500 mAh, model-dependent
• Dimensions: Diameter approximately 10.5 mm to 23.0 mm; height approximately 30.0 mm to 67.5 mm
• Discharge currents: Maximum discharge exemplarily up to 2 A for smart meter applications
• Charge/discharge conditions (examples): Capacity measurement at 0.1It charge over 16 h and 0.2It discharge; cycle testing at 1C charge with −dV cutoff of 10 mV, discharge at 1C to 1.0 V
• Temperature conditions: Discharge characteristics at multiple temperatures, including −20 °C, 0 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C, 60 °C

Limitations and disclaimer

• Battery performance and service life are dependent on usage and temperature conditions.
• Test results vary depending on individual battery units.
• All performance data presented are not guaranteed according to the document.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Technical Proposal for IoT Device (Smart Meter)}

_{Source: FDK Corporation Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This document is a technical proposal from FDK Corporation addressing the design and selection of nickel-metal hydride batteries for tracking and data logger devices installed externally on containers and charged via solar panels or external power sources. The primary technical focus describes operational behavior of Ni-MH cells and battery packs under highly variable environmental and temperature conditions across global maritime, terrestrial, and aerial transport routes. For this application context, a device and battery temperature range of −40 °C to +70 °C is specified. Discharge, current, and cycle characteristics are presented through manufacturer-supplied measurement diagrams under clearly defined charge, rest, and discharge conditions. Additionally, the document provides systematic classification of different Ni-MH cell families and exemplary cell formats, capacity ranges, dimensions, and battery pack configurations for tracking applications. All numerical specifications are explicitly identified as descriptive manufacturer data without guarantee.

Technical classification for application

The specified temperature range is relevant for tracking and data logger devices, as these are mounted externally on containers according to the document and are exposed to uncontrolled ambient temperatures during transport. The demonstrated continuous discharge capability of 0.2 It across the range −30 °C to +70 °C is functionally correlated to sustained power supply of device electronics during field operation. The presented high-current discharge characteristics up to 3 It are causally linked to pulse-modulated power demands of radio communication, such as GSM transmissions. The illustrated charge/discharge cycle measurements up to 2,000 cycles at 25 °C are assigned to long-term device deployment over multiple years. The cell families, cell sizes, and pack configurations listed in the document enable technical adaptation of the battery to available installation space and to different charging methods such as solar or external charging.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

All diagrams addressing temperature behavior, discharge rate, and cycle durability are to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test conditions. Temperature-dependent discharge characteristics are based on charge conditions of 3 A and −ΔV cutoff at 10 mV, rest periods of 3 h, discharge currents of 0.7 A to a discharge cutoff voltage of 1 V, and ambient temperatures ranging from −30 °C to +70 °C at sample sizes of n = 2. Discharge rate measurements are conducted at 25 °C with currents of 0.7 A, 1.75 A, 3.5 A, 7 A, and 10.5 A and represent non-guaranteed performance data. Cycle measurements are based on charge conditions of 3 A and −ΔV cutoff, discharge currents of 3.5 A, defined rest periods, and 25 °C ambient temperature at n = 3, presenting exemplary profiles extending to 2,000 cycles with initial capacity retention of 90%. The document explicitly states that all presented values vary depending on usage and temperature conditions and do not represent guaranteed specifications.

Performance categories by application

• High durability Ni-MH
  Emphasizes high cycle durability, characterized through measurement series of repeated charge and discharge cycles under defined test conditions.
• Standard Ni-MH
  Optimized for energy density through material and configuration design, presented for general applications without explicit prioritization of high-current or service-life characteristics.
• High-rate discharge Ni-MH
  Features reduced internal resistance, characterized through discharge performance curves at elevated discharge currents under defined measurement conditions.

Limitations and disclaimer

• Battery performance and service life are explicitly described in the document as dependent on usage profiles and temperature conditions.
• Measurement and test results presented vary according to the document between individual batteries and are not represented as universally applicable.
• All numerical values cited in the document serve to describe performance characteristics and are not guaranteed.
• Diagrams, tables, and comparative representations are based on defined test conditions and represent qualitative manufacturer characterizations.
• Extended temperature ranges, such as discharge to −40 °C, are in some cases identified in the document as dependent on specific discharge conditions or marked as under development.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Technical Proposal for Tracking Devices/Loggers}

_{Source: FDK Corporation Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This whitepaper describes the technical role of lithium primary batteries as integrated energy sources for gas and water smart meters with wireless data transmission. The documented focus addresses comparison of cylindrical CR and ER batteries regarding discharge behavior, operating voltage progression, and long-term characteristics. Specific CR cell types are presented with capacities ranging from 2,400 mAh to 3,500 mAh and defined dimensions, with a specified temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. The document contains tables with model-specific geometric data and information on housing material and sealing. Additionally, diagrams are presented depicting discharge behavior, internal resistance development, and pulse load performance following up to 20 years of storage or installation time under defined test conditions. Specification limitations are defined by the fact that all performance and measurement values presented are not guaranteed according to the document, with document status as of February 2025.

Technical classification for application

The lower operating voltage range of CR cells described in the document is functionally relevant for driving smart meter electronics, as the input voltage of the drive IC can be limited. The different discharge behavior of CR and ER batteries is causally linked to the possibility or impossibility of voltage-based estimation of remaining state of charge. The high capacities within limited cell volume mentioned in the document are correlated with increased energy demand from wireless data transmission. The specified extended temperature range is relevant for deployment in cold regions and under harsh environmental conditions. The presented long-term and pulse load data are linked in the application context to maintenance and replacement planning of smart meters, as described in the document.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

• Discharge characteristics of CR and ER batteries (Fig. 3): Qualitative manufacturer characterization under non-guaranteed conditions.
• Voltage and internal resistance progression over 20 years (Fig. 5): Exemplary measurement representation at 20 °C, load 620 kΩ, observation period 20 years.
• Pulse load data after 20 years substrate mounting (Fig. 6): Exemplary measurement representation at 300 mA pulse current, 1 s pulse duration, temperatures −10 °C and +20 °C.

All diagrams represent non-guaranteed performance data according to the document.

Exemplary cell parameters

• Cell chemistry: Lithium-manganese dioxide (CR), lithium-thionyl chloride (ER)
• Capacities: 2,400 mAh, 2,700 mAh, 3,000 mAh, 3,500 mAh
• Dimensions: Diameter approximately 17.0–17.5 mm; height approximately 45.5–50.5 mm
• Temperature range: −40 °C to +85 °C
• Housing material / sealing: Fe / crimping; SUS / laser

Limitations and disclaimer

• All values presented in the document are not guaranteed.
• Diagrams and tables are based on manufacturer measurements under defined test conditions.
• Product specifications may change without advance notice.
• Document content status: February 2025.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Ideal for Smart Meters for Gas and Water – Introduction to Lithium Primary Batteries}

_{Source: Panasonic Energy Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This whitepaper describes battery solutions for IoT trackers in maritime shipping containers and is classified as a technical whitepaper. 

The application context encompasses battery-powered container trackers for position and status monitoring via GPS/GNSS as well as sensing for temperature, humidity, vibration, shock, and light intensity in global logistics operations. The technological focus addresses primary lithium batteries of type CR-LAZ as well as nickel-metal hydride batteries of types BK330 APH and BK310 CHU for low-maintenance long-term operation. The document specifies electrical parameters such as capacity, discharge and charge temperature ranges, and discharge characteristics under continuous and pulse load conditions. 

Thermal and geometric boundary conditions are described in relation to limited installation space, environmental influences, and mounting in container recesses. All performance and service life specifications are presented through manufacturer-supplied diagrams and tables and are explicitly identified in the document as non-guaranteed.

Technical classification for application

This section contextualizes the parameters cited in the document for functional deployment in container trackers. Capacities of 3,000 mAh (CR-LAZ), 3,200 mAh (BK330 APH), and 3,100 mAh (BK310 CHU) are relevant for multi-year operation without battery replacement within limited physical volume constraints. Discharge temperature ranges of −40 °C to +85 °C for CR-LAZ, −10 °C to +60 °C for BK330 APH, and −20 °C to +75 °C for BK310 CHU are functionally correlated to global transportation operations across highly variable climate zones. The demonstrated pulse discharge capability of CR-LAZ batteries is causally linked to short-duration power demands during GNSS position queries and data transmissions via LPWA or satellite-based communication protocols. The charge temperature ranges of nickel-metal hydride batteries of −10 °C to +60 °C (BK330 APH) and −20 °C to +75 °C (BK310 CHU) are relevant for solar-assisted trackers implementing day-night charge cycling patterns. The geometric dimensions documented in the document with diameters of 17.0 mm to 25.8 mm and heights of 50.0 mm to 67.5 mm are functionally correlated to integration within compact tracker enclosures.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

This section classifies all measurement and performance data presented in the document. The continuous discharge curve of CR-LAZ battery over more than 1,000 h at 20 °C is based on constant-resistance discharge at 1 kΩ and cutoff voltage of 1.8 V and is to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterization. The pulse discharge diagrams of CR-LAZ battery with base load 300 Ω and pulse load 300 mA for 1 s at −40 °C to +60 °C represent exemplary measurement data under defined conditions and are not guaranteed. The temperature-dependent charge characteristics of BK310 CHU battery are based on charging tests at 0.1 It over 16 h per temperature level and serve qualitative classification of charging behavior. The temperature-dependent discharge curves of BK310 CHU battery are based on discharges at 1 It to 1.0 V and represent manufacturer-supplied characterizations. 

The service life estimation at 40 °C is based on an accelerated trickle-charge test with defined overcharge at 80 °C and is to be classified as exemplary aging representation without guarantee.

Limitations and disclaimer

• All performance, capacity, and service life values presented are not guaranteed according to the document.
• The diagrams and tables represent measurement results under defined test conditions.
• Normative testing, approvals, or safety-relevant certifications are not specified in the document.
• Product specifications may change without prior notice.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Proposal for Optimal Primary Lithium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries for IoT Trackers in Maritime Shipping Containers}

_{Source: Panasonic Energy Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This document is a technical proposal from FDK Corporation addressing the design and application of nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries in medical electrical devices such as patient monitors, infusion and syringe pumps, and blood pressure measurement devices. The focus addresses the description of multiple Ni-MH cell series with explicitly specified discharge capacities, geometric dimensions, and defined charge and discharge conditions. For the cells, typical and minimum capacities are provided, measured during discharge at 0.2 It following charge at 0.1 It over 16 hours, including specifications for diameter and height. Additionally, the document presents diagrams of cycle characteristics, high-current discharge behavior, and self-discharge under established environmental and test conditions. Furthermore, exemplary battery pack configurations with defined voltages and capacities for medical applications are presented. All performance and service life specifications are explicitly identified in the document as descriptive manufacturer data without guarantee.

Technical classification for application

The cell dimensions specified in the document are functionally relevant for mechanical design of medical devices with predefined battery compartments. The presented capacity classes enable functional assignment to different operational durations within defined device concepts. The described cycle characteristics are causally linked to applications with regular charge and discharge operation, as they illustrate capacity degradation across repeated usage cycles under fixed conditions. The high-current discharge curves characterize voltage and temperature behavior of cells at elevated current demands. The low-self-discharge representations are relevant for devices with extended standby periods, as they describe remaining capacity after storage under defined environmental conditions. The reference to IEC 62133-1 positions the batteries normatively within the regulatory context of medical electrical devices without assuring external certification or guaranteed conformity.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

All capacity, cycle, high-current, and self-discharge data presented in the document are to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test conditions. Diagrams of cycle durability, discharge curves, and temperature behavior do not represent guaranteed performance data. The document explicitly states that battery performance and service life are dependent on usage profiles and ambient temperatures and that variations between individual cells may occur.

Exemplary cell parameters

• HR-2/3AAAUTU: Typical discharge capacity 220 mAh, minimum discharge capacity 200 mAh, diameter 10.5 mm, height 30.0 mm; capacity determination by single cell discharge at 0.2 It following charge at 0.1 It over 16 h.
• HR-AAAUTU: Typical discharge capacity 500 mAh, minimum discharge capacity 460 mAh, diameter 10.5 mm, height 44.5 mm; measurement conditions identical to HR-2/3AAAUTU.
• HR-AAULT: Typical discharge capacity 1,050 mAh, minimum discharge capacity 1,000 mAh, diameter 14.2 mm, height 49.0 mm; single cell measurement at 0.2 It following 16 h charge at 0.1 It.
• HR-AUT: Typical discharge capacity 2,200 mAh, minimum discharge capacity 2,000 mAh, diameter 17.0 mm, height 50.0 mm; dimensions including shrink tubing.
• HR-4/3FAUT: Typical discharge capacity 3,700 mAh, minimum discharge capacity 3,500 mAh, diameter 18.0 mm, height 67.5 mm; measurement under identical charge and discharge conditions.

Note: All specified cell parameters are manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test conditions and do not represent guaranteed performance data.

Limitations and disclaimer

• Performance and service life specifications are not guaranteed according to the document.
• Test results may vary between individual batteries.
• All measurement values apply exclusively to the charge, discharge, and environmental conditions defined in the document.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Technical Proposal for Medical Equipment}

_{Source: FDK Corporation Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This whitepaper describes the functional and technical requirements for batteries in automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and positions primary lithium batteries as the energy source for this specific application context. The technical focus addresses long-term stable operation of AEDs without fixed power supply while maintaining permanent operational readiness through regular system self-tests. Cylindrical lithium-manganese dioxide cells of type CR123A are presented with defined electrical specifications and mechanical dimensions. The document illustrates discharge and aging characteristics based on accelerated testing as well as pulse discharge representations under defined temperature and depth-of-discharge conditions. Additionally, the design of battery packs composed of multiple individual cells is described in relation to device specification, load profile, and installation space. All performance and graphical data are explicitly identified as manufacturer-supplied specifications without guarantee.

Technical classification for application

The long-term operation described in the document is functionally relevant, as AEDs are installed for years and require energy for regular battery condition checks even in standby mode. The described temperature characteristics address installations in diverse environments, including non-climate-controlled or external locations. The presented discharge properties at low continuous loads are related to the predominantly standby operation of the devices. Pulse discharge diagrams are presented in the document as characterization of cell behavior under short-term load conditions, without assuring guaranteed correlation to specific device currents. The design of battery packs from multiple cells is causally emphasized based on the electrical requirements of the respective AED system, available installation space, and operational conditions.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

The discharge curves, aging representations, and pulse discharge diagrams contained in the document are to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterizations under defined test and calculation conditions. Aging over an eight-year period is based on accelerated storage conditions at elevated temperature and high state of charge. Pulse discharges are presented for specified temperatures and depth-of-discharge levels. The document explicitly states that all specified values are not guaranteed and diagrams do not represent assured performance data.

Exemplary cell parameters

• Nominal voltage: 3 V
• Nominal capacity: 1,550 mAh
• Standard continuous load: 20 mA
• Dimensions: Diameter max. 17.0 mm, height max. 34.5 mm
• Mass: approximately 16.0 g
• Operating temperature range: −40 °C to +70 °C

Limitations and disclaimer

• All performance and aging data are not guaranteed.
• Aging specifications are based on accelerated test and calculation conditions.
• Pulse discharge diagrams represent qualitative characterizations.
• Enhanced cells for low-temperature applications are described as "under development."
• Product specifications may change without advance notice.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Introduction to Lithium Primary Batteries Suitable for Automated External Defibrillators (AED)}

_{Source: Panasonic Energy Technical Manufacturer Document (2025). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}

This document is a technical whitepaper describing the characteristics of lithium primary batteries and is not an application, design-in, or selection guide. The technological focus addresses the chemistries lithium manganese dioxide (CR), lithium poly-carbonmonofluoride (BR), and lithium thionyl chloride (ER) with metallic lithium as the anode. 

The whitepaper identifies systemic parameters such as cathode material, electrolyte, mechanical design, sealing method, RCRA disposal classification, and energy density. For CR, BR, and ER chemistries, typical energy density values of 800 Wh/l (CR), 800 Wh/l (BR), and 1,200 Wh/l (ER) are specified. Capacity specifications are explicitly described as manufacturer-dependent, as rated capacity depends on load, temperature, cutoff voltage, and test methodology and is not directly comparable between manufacturers. 

The document explicitly states that all specifications are descriptive only, do not represent any representation, guarantee, or warranty, and that cell and battery designs are subject to modification without notice.

Technical classification for application

This section contextualizes the parameters described in the document within the application contexts mentioned such as RTC/SRAM back-up batteries, wireless systems, and sensing applications. The load and temperature dependence of capacity explains the capacity de-rating presented in the document at elevated discharge currents or deviations from reference temperature. 

The described impedance development reduces available operating voltage under load and results in applications shutting down at declining closed-circuit voltage despite theoretical remaining capacity. Chemistry-specific self-discharge rates limit the capacity available over extended storage and operational periods, as documented for back-up battery applications. 

For lithium thionyl chloride, the formation of a LiCl passivation layer explains voltage delay upon load assumption and the documented influence of pulsed loads on self-discharge and capacity consumption. The document describes that particularly for ER cells, stresses outside specification can lead to irreversible effects, while BR and CR cells can return to nominal operating parameters following non-destructive overloads.

Measurement data, graphical representations, and performance information

The system properties listed in Table 1 are to be classified as manufacturer-supplied characterization. For CR, BR, and ER chemistries, cathode materials are specified as MnO₂, CF(n), and SOCl₂ respectively. 

The document identifies electrolytes as PC & DME etc. for CR, GBL for BR, and LiAlCl₄ for ER. Specified typical boiling points are 80 °C (DME), 200 °C, and 75 °C (SOCl₂). Sealing methods are described as gasket & laser welding (CR), gasket (BR), and glass-to-metal (ER). RCRA disposal classification is specified as non-hazardous for CR and BR and hazardous for ER. The capacity data for CR-2032 presented in Table 2 are based on defined discharge test conditions with load resistances of 5.6 kΩ to 15 kΩ, temperatures of approximately 20–23 °C, cutoff voltage of 2.0 V, and resulting discharge currents of approximately 200–540 µA and are not guaranteed specifications. Self-discharge specifications are identified as manufacturer-supplied characterization and are typically 1% per year at +25 °C and up to 16% per year at +65 °C for CR cells. For BR cells, self-discharge values of 1% per year for coin cells and 0.5% per year for cylindrical cells are specified. For ER cells, nominal self-discharge of 1–3% per year is described with intact passivation, which pulsed loads can increase. 

Diagrams of impedance development, capacity retention, operating voltage, and capacity de-rating represent exemplary measurement data under defined conditions and do not represent guaranteed performance or service life values. Safety-related specifications include the phase transition of metallic lithium at temperatures above approximately +180 °C and a lithium content approximately 2.5 times higher compared to secondary Li-ion batteries. For lithium thionyl chloride, a toxicological threshold of AEGL-3 = 25 ppm at 10 min exposure is specified. Failure modes of coin-type CR cells under abusive conditions are described as surface temperatures below 100 °C and deformation or leakage.

To the Whitepaper

_{Document Title: Lithium Primary Battery Characteristics}

_{Source: Panasonic Corporation Technical Manufacturer Document (2018). Performance specifications are based on manufacturer data and are not guaranteed.}